Cancer in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis


In most cases, it is a pediatric disorder, but it can also occur in adults. The cli­ni­cal presentation and the laboratory findings are often non­spe­ci­fic, therefore it is difficult to diagnose.

Yet, an early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve sur­vival. Hence, the treatment should be initiated as soon as possible if one has a high suspicion of HLH, even though the patient does not meet yet all the criteria. We pre­sent the case of a patient admitted with nonspecific symp­to­ma­to­lo­gy, namely jaundice, fatigue and significant non-intentional weight loss.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a rare complication of autologous stem cell transplantation Vol. HLH is usually fatal without treatment so that accurate and timely diagnosis is very important.

The initial laboratory data sug­gested cirrhosis. The attempt of discovering the cause of hepatic dysfunction was cancer in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis unsuccessful. We sus­pi­cioned HLH only based on the myelogram.

At that point, the patient met the criteria for the diagnosis of HLH, and we star­ted the specific treatment.

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However, the results were not sa­tis­fac­to­ry, and the patient died three months after the ini­tial presentation. În cele mai multe cazuri este o patologie pediatrică, dar poate fi întâlnită şi la adulţi. Prezentarea cli­ni­că şi analizele de laborator sunt de cele mai multe ori ne­spe­ci­fi­ce, prin urmare este dificil de diagnosticat.

Cu toate aces­tea, diagnosticul şi tratamentul precoce pot îmbunătăţi sem­ni­fi­cativ supravieţuirea. Prin urmare, tratamentul trebuie ini­ţiat rapid dacă există o suspiciune înaltă pentru HLH, chiar da­că pacientul nu îndeplineşte încă toate criteriile necesare.

Pre­zen­tăm cazul unei paciente cu simptomatologie nespecifică: icter, oboseală şi scădere ponderală neintenţionată sem­ni­fi­ca­tivă.

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Încercarea de a descoperi cauza disfuncţiei he­pa­ti­ce a fost iniţial nereuşită. S-a ridicat suspiciunea de HLH oda­tă cu efectuarea medulogramei. În acel moment, pacienta a îndeplinit criteriile pentru diagnosticarea HLH şi s-a iniţiat tra­ta­men­tul specific.

Cu toate acestea, rezultatele nu au fost fa­vo­ra­bi­le, iar pacienta a decedat la trei luni de la prezentarea ini­ţia­lă. HLH is categorized as familial or sporadic. Familial HLH is an autosomal recessive disorder that appears in early childhood 2. Sporadic HLH is associated with a variety of underlying conditions, the most frequent being infections, malignancy, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immunosuppression, hematopoietic stem cells transplantation, organ transplantation and acquired immunodefi­ciency syndrome 1.

The diagnosis of HLH is difficult due to the rarity of this syndrome and the nonspecific clinical and laboratory findings. However, in order to obtain a better outcome, the diagnosis and treatment must not be delayed 3. Case presentation We present the case colonhelp silhouette a year-old female admitted to the internal medicine department for jaundice, fatigue and significant non-intentional weight loss.

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Also, she described a recent episode of respiratory tract infection. Her past medical history was positive only for viti­ligo and arterial hypertension. She was not a smoker or an alcohol consumer. The physical exam was relevant for marked jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and flank dullness. The laboratory data at admission Table 1 showed severe macrocytic anemia, cholestasis, hypoalbuminemia and coagulation disturbances.

The most tumoral markers were nonspecifically elevated.

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The Coombs tests, both direct and indirect, were negative and the vitamin B12 serum level was normal. The serum folates dosing was not available. The corrected reticulocytes count was 1. A series of imagistic investigations was performed, cancer in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis revealed many signs of portal hypertension and its complications.

The computed tomography CT showed the presence of collateral circulation and permeabilization of the umbilical vein. The esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed the presence of esophageal varices and portal gastropathy. None of the aforementioned investigations described formations suggestive of cancer. An exploratory paracentesis was also performed. The ascites fluid exam showed sterile ascites, with a serum-ascites albumin gradient of 1. Considering the hepatomegaly, ascites, elevated bilirubin, hypoalbuminemia and coagulation anomalies, the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed and graded as Child-Pugh class B.

Up until now, the etiology of cirrhosis remained undiscovered. The patient was not an alcohol consumer and did not take hepatotoxic drugs.

Also, no hepatotropic viruses were detected. To establish the cause of cirrhosis, we performed additional investigations.

Cancer in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Anti-smooth muscle antibo­dies, anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-mitochondrial antibodies were negative, therefore we excluded autoimmune hepatitis as the cause of cirrhosis. The iron and copper metabolisms were studied. The laboratory findings showed increased ferritin, although the patient did not receive iron supplements or transfusions, and a low level of ceruloplasmin. The ophthalmologist raised the suspicion of the presence of Kayser-Fleischer ring.

We performed an abdominal MRI magnetic resonance imaging that did not reveal any hypodensities suggestive of hepatocytic iron or copper overload. We performed a bone marrow aspirate and studied the cytology by optic microscopy.

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The latter raised the suspicion of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient received specific treatment with corticosteroids and supportive treatment — RBC red blood cells transfusions, cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma and broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ce droguri folosesc viermii

Due to her cancer in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis deterioration of organ function, immunosuppressive drugs could not be administered such as etoposide. Despite treatment, the clinical and biological status of the patient deteriorated.

She developed extensive subcutaneous hematomas, and the jaundice became more severe. Even though she received RBC transfusions, the hemoglobin remained low.

Three months after her admission, the patient suffered a cardiac arrest. She was successfully resuscitated, but maintained a severe comatose state 3 points on Glasgow Coma Scale.

Afterwards, the patient was supervised in the intensive care unit. She died ten days after the resuscitated cardiac arrest.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Webinar, 24 June 2020

Discussion HLH is a rare syndrome that lacks specificity regarding the clinical signs and symptoms, and also in any gold standard diagnostic test. Therefore, establishing the diagnosis of HLH is particularly difficult. The current accepted criteria are the HLH criteria 4. In our case, the patient met five criteria, namely splenomegaly, severe cytopenia, hypo­fibrinogenemia, elevated ferritin and hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow. The measurement of NK cell activity and soluble CD25 were not available.

The most common trigger for both familial and sporadic cases is immune activation from an infectious disease 1. Our patient described a recent episode of respiratory tract infection.

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While admitted, she was not febrile and showed no other signs of infection. The tests for viral markers were all negative. Ano­ther common trigger is malignancy 1. Our patient had mostly nonspecific slight elevations of tumor markers but without any cancer-suggestive markers in imaging studies. However, we cannot exclude the possibility of a malignancy.

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The prompt treatment is critical in order to obtain a favorable outcome. The delays in the administration of the appropriate treatment can lead to shorter survival. Therefore, the treatment should be given when we have a high suspicion, even though the patient meets less than five criteria 5. The guidelines recommend the treatment of the underlying disease, corticotherapy and etoposide, with or without intrathecal therapy, along with supportive care 6. In our case, the patient met five criteria out of eight.

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The hemophagocytosis discovered in the bone marrow was crucial in establishing the diagnosis of HLH, given the nonspecific clinical evolution. The patient received promptly specific treatment with corticosteroids. The adult HLH has an unpredictable course of evolution and usually unfavorable.

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The survival of untreated patients with HLH is approximately two months 6. Despite specific and supportive treatment, our patient died three months after her admission.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a rare complication of autologous stem cell transplantation

Conclusions HLH is a rare, complex and severe syndrome. It is characterized by nonspecific clinical and paraclinical findings and by evolution towards multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The delay in diagnosis and treatment is translated into a shortened survival.

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Although our patient received specific treatment for HLH, it had little impact since the nonspecific presentation made the diagnosis difficult and delayed the treatment.

Conflicts of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: pathogenesis and treatment.

Rare disease with atypical onset and multidisciplinary approach

Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. DOI: Familial haemophagocytic lyphohistiocytosis: advances in the genetic basis, diagnosis and management. Clin Exp Immunol. Treatment outcomes and prognostic factors in adult patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis not associated with malignancy.

HLH Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Max The Angry Macrophage - A Story about HLH - Cincinnati Children's trece fecalele către helminți

Pediatr Blood Cancer. How I treat hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Laura Mazilu Anemia este o complicaţie după îndepărtarea viermilor la pacienţii oncologici, fiind întâlnită atât la momentul diagnosticului, cât şi în cursul terapiilor oncologic